Spotify can build brand equity as effectively as Zara, and similar brands, despite the fact that its basic offering is free and intangible in comparison. It does so because, in comparison to Zara (1) it still has the ability to develop strong brand salience, (2) it can demonstrate brand meaning through performance and imagery, and (3) is extremely effective at developing brand resonance through community engagement. Can Spotify Build Brand Identity as Effectively as Zara? Spotify is in a position to develop brand salience (brand awareness) because it can clearly describe what service category the brand competes in, and can ensure customers know which of their needs the brand is designed to satisfy (Keller, 2001). When compared to Zara, although both operate in different industries and provide for different needs, both are in a position to influence the likelihood they will form part of a customer’s usage consideration set, which is an important function of brand salience. Spot...